ImmunoCult™ Human CD3/CD28/CD2 T Cell Activator
Human T cell activation and expansion reagent
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Overview
Data Figures
Protocols and Documentation
Find supporting information and directions for use in the Product Information Sheet or explore additional protocols below.
Applications
This product is designed for use in the following research area(s) as part of the highlighted workflow stage(s). Explore these workflows to learn more about the other products we offer to support each research area.
Resources and Publications
Educational Materials (22)
Publications (43)
Targeting the ATX-LPA Axis Overcomes TKI Resistance and Immunosuppression in Renal Cell Carcinoma via Dual Inhibition of AKT/mTOR and TBK1/IRF3 Pathways.
Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026 Jun
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic resistance limits durable survival in advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) plus immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). We sought to define key resistance drivers and actionable targets. METHODS: Integrated RNA sequencing of cabozantinib-resistant RCC cells, lipid metabolomics, and PD-L1 correlation analyses identified ENPP2 as a candidate driver. Its role in TKI resistance and survival signaling was validated by apoptosis, CCK-8, and colony formation assays in vitro and by nude-mouse xenograft models in vivo. ELISA, flow cytometry and tumor cell-T-cell co-culture assays were used to dissect ENPP2-dependent CD8+ T-cell dysfunction. The therapeutic benefit of pharmacologic ATX inhibition combined with standard TKI-ICI regimens was tested in RCC patient-derived xenograft models. RESULTS: The ATX-LPA axis conferred TKI resistance via constitutive AKT/mTOR activation and promoted immune evasion by upregulating PD-L1 through TBK1/IRF3 signaling, thereby impairing intratumoral CD8+ T-cell function. ENPP2 enhanced PD-L1 transcription by facilitating IRF3 nuclear translocation and its direct recruitment to the CD274 promoter. ATX inhibition improved the antitumor efficacy of TKI-ICI therapy in preclinical models. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting the ATX-LPA axis represents a promising strategy to overcome resistance to current TKI-ICI combinations.
Butyrate enhances tumor immune evasion by increasing PD-L1 abundance.
International journal of biological sciences 2026 Jul
Abstract
As a short-chain fatty acid and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, butyrate possesses extensive immunomodulatory properties. Here, we uncover a novel mechanism wherein butyrate markedly upregulates the expression of the immune checkpoint PD-L1 across diverse tumor cell types. Mechanistically, epigenetic analyses revealed that butyrate drives PD-L1 transcriptional activation through dual synergistic pathways: increasing histone H3 acetylation (H3Ac) at the PD-L1 promoter via HDAC inhibition, and enhancing histone H3K4me3 modification by upregulating transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). Combining butyrate or high-fiber diets with anti-PD-L1 antibodies profoundly suppressed tumor growth and bolstered anti-tumor immunity in both subcutaneous and AOM-DSS-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) murine models. Ultimately, our results highlight butyrate and dietary fiber supplementation as promising sensitizing strategies to augment the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in patients with low baseline PD-L1 expression.
Combined transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis reveals enhanced lipogenesis in memory Tregs upon TCR activation.
ImmunoHorizons 2026 Jul
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis in vivo. Similar to conventional T cells (Tconvs), Tregs are divided into naïve and memory cells. Tregs have unique metabolic properties, including enhanced oxidative phosphorylation. The lipidomic profiles of human Tregs have been studied previously; however, those of naïve and memory Tregs have not yet been consistently compared. Thus, in the present study, we used a combined transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis to assess the metabolic features of human naïve and memory Tregs upon activation. Using transcriptomic analysis, we identified distinct gene expression profiles in naïve and memory Tregs compared with those in Tconvs. Upon TCR stimulation, memory Tregs showed a lipidomic profile distinct from that of memory Tconvs, whereas the lipidomic profiles of naïve Tregs were similar to those of naïve Tconvs. Furthermore, upon TCR stimulation, memory Tregs expressed triglycerides (TGs) that were more enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than those of memory Tconvs. However, memory Tconvs also had higher PUFA-TG levels than naïve Tconvs and Tregs after TCR stimulation, although their levels remained lower than those in memory Tregs. These findings suggest PUFA-TGs could be a marker of memory Tregs. In turn, higher frequency of memory cells within the Treg population may also contribute to the observed enrichment of PUFA-TGs in Tregs upon TCR activation. Our study demonstrated unique transcriptomic and lipidomic profiles and enhanced lipogenesis in memory Tregs upon TCR stimulation.
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Quality Statement:
PRODUCTS ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND NOT INTENDED FOR HUMAN OR ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON QUALITY AT STEMCELL, REFER TO WWW.STEMCELL.COM/COMPLIANCE.
PRODUCTS ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND NOT INTENDED FOR HUMAN OR ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON QUALITY AT STEMCELL, REFER TO WWW.STEMCELL.COM/COMPLIANCE.
