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Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a homodimeric glycoprotein growth factor that regulates proliferation and differentiation of myeloid hematopoietic progenitors to mononuclear phagocytic cell lineages, including monocytes, macrophages, and osteoclasts. M-CSF is a crucial factor for the development of tissue-resident macrophages in most tissues (Ginhoux & Jung. Nat Rev Immnunol, 2014). It is required for the maturation and activation of monocytes and macrophages, and regulates inflammatory responses in conjunction with other stimuli such as IFN-γ, LPS, and IL-4 (Murray et al. Immunity, 2014). M-CSF is also required for bone resorption by osteoclasts, and is involved in the development and regulation of placenta, mammary gland, and brain. M-CSF is produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and tumor cells (Chockalingam & Ghosh. Tumour Biol, 2014).
M-CSF exerts its biological effects by signaling through a receptor tyrosine kinase (CSF-1R or M-CSF-R) encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene (Hamilton. J Leukoc Biol, 1997). CSF-1R shares similar structural features with other growth factor receptors, including the stem cell factor (SCF) receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), and Flt3/Flk-2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Stimulation of the CSF-1R upon binding to M-CSF activates MAPK, PI3K, and PLCγ signaling pathways (Chockalingam & Ghosh. Tumour Biol, 2014).
Figure 1. Biological Activity and Molecular Mass of Mouse Recombinant M-CSF (HEK293-expressed)
(A) The biological activity of Mouse Recombinant M-CSF (HEK293-expressed) was tested by its ability to promote the proliferation of M-NFS-60 cells. The EC50 is defined as the effective concentration of the growth factor at which cell proliferation is at 50% of maximum. The EC50 in the above example is ≤ 15 ng/mL.
(B) Mouse Recombinant M-CSF (HEK293-expressed) was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Mouse Recombinant M-CSF has a predicted molecular mass of 26 kDa. The recombinant protein migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 40 - 45 kDa due to glycosylation.
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