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Trigger a variety of immunological responses with E. coli Lipopolysaccharide O55:B5 (S-form), a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the O55:B5 serotype of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Composed of a lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen, LPS are glycolipid constituents that reside on the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria (Kitchens RL et al.). LPS protects bacteria against bile salts and lipophilic antibiotics by maintaining the outer integrity of the cell membrane (Bäckhed F et al.). E. coli Lipopolysaccharide O55:B5 (S-form), in particular, is predominantly recognized by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which leads to the activation of NF-κβ, a protein complex which plays a key role in regulating immune response (Kuzmich N et al.). Activation of NF-κβ can trigger increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α by macrophages (Matuschak GM et al.). This LPS can also interact with CD14 to activate phospholipase Cγ2 and kinases of the Src family, trigger influxes of extracellular Ca2+, as well as calcineurin-dependent translocation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors (Li CC et al.).
When added to ImmunoCult™-SF Macrophage Medium (Catalog #10961), stimulation with Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli (O55:B5) and IFN-γ supports the polarization to M1 (classically activated) macrophages.
Warning: This product is highly pyrogenic. Avoid all means by which the product may enter the bloodstream.
Application
Activation, Cell Culture
Area of Interest
Immunology, Infectious Diseases, Neuroscience
Purity
Ultrapure (≥ 99.9%). No detectable DNA, RNA, or protein traces.
Figure 1. Stimulation with Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli (O55:B5) Resulted in High Production of IL-6 through TLR4-specific Activation
The biological activity of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli (O55:B5) was assessed by its ability to activate TLR4 in both wild-type and TLR4 knockout (KO) mouse macrophages, with a medium-only negative control. When stimulated with 1 μg/mL of LPS from E. coli (O55:B5), wild-type mouse macrophages produced ≥ 9200 pg/mL of IL-6, as measured by ELISA in cell culture supernatants after 24 hours. IL-6 production in TLR4 KO macrophages was comparable to the medium-only negative control, indicating that activation by LPS from E. coli (O55:B5) did not activate any TLR other than TLR4. The optimal concentration required for activation is 0.01 - 1 μg/mL.
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