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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a heparin-binding homodimeric glycoprotein involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. VEGF binds to FLT1 (VEGFR-1) and KDR (VEGFR-2), and activates Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways (Ferrara et al.). VEGF exists in multiple isoforms that result from alternative splicing of VEGF mRNA in the terminal exon. Proximal splice-site selection in exon 8 results in pro-angiogenic VEGFxxx isoforms (xxx is the number of amino acids), whereas distal splice-site selection results in anti-angiogenic VEGFxxxb isoforms (Nowak et al.). VEGF plays an important role in neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo (Storkebaum et al.). It has neurotrophic effects on neurons of the central nervous system, and it promotes growth and survival of dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. VEGF also promotes growth and survival of vascular endothelial cells, monocyte chemotaxis, and colony formation by granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (Ferrara et al.). Various splice variants of VEGF exist, with different functions. For example, it has been shown that VEGF isoform VEGF-164(165) and not VEGF-120(121) induces inflammation, stimulates intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression on endothelial cells, and induces chemotaxis of monocytes (Usui et al.).
Subtype
Cytokines, Growth Factors
Cell Type
Angiogenic Cells, Endothelial Cells, Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells, Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cells, Mesoderm, PSC-Derived, Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells, Pluripotent Stem Cells
(A) The biological activity of Mouse Recombinant VEGF-164 was tested by its ability to promote the proliferation of
HUVECs. Cell proliferation was measured using a fluorometric assay method. The EC50 is defined as the effective concentration of the
growth factor at which cell proliferation is at 50% of maximum. The EC50 in the above example is 2.14 ng/mL.
(B) 2 μg of Mouse Recombinant VEGF-164 was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (+) and non-reducing (-) conditions and visualized by Coomassie Blue staining. Mouse Recombinant VEGF-164 has a predicted molecular mass of 19.4 kDa.
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